2.1.1 Introduction and Background

2.1.2 Table of Contents

2.1.3 Module Learning Objectives

2.1.4 Personal Exercise

2.1.5 Case Background

2.1.6 Historical View of Aging

2.1.7 Successful Aging

2.1.8 What is the Truth about Aging?

2.1.9 When Pathologies are Attributed to Aging

2.1.10 Aging or Disease?

2.1.11 Understanding Age-Related Changes

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 What Causes Aging?

2.2.3 Categories of Biological Theories of Aging

2.2.4 Theories of Aging as Random Events

2.2.5 Theories of Aging as Programmed Event (I)

2.2.6 Theories of Aging as Programmed Event (II)

2.2.7 Theories of Aging as Evolutionary (I)

2.2.8 Theories of Aging as Evolutionary (II)

2.2.8 Disposable Soma Theory

2.2.9 Theories of Biological Aging

2.2.10 The Free Radical Theory of Aging

2.2.11 We Are Constantly Exposed to Free Radicals

2.2.12 What Effect do Free Radicals have in the Body?

2.2.13 Defenses Against Oxidative Attack

2.2.14 Clinical Implications of the Free Radical Theory and Antioxidants

2.2.15 The Maillard Theory Of Aging

2.2.16 Clinical Implications of the Maillard Theory

2.2.17 Melatonin Theory of Aging

2.2.18 Importance of Melatonin to Aging

2.2.19 Clinical Implications of the Melatonin Theory

2.2.20 Telomere Theory of Aging

2.2.21 Clinical Implications of the Telomere Theory

2.2.22 Caloric Restriction

2.2.23 Gene Manipulation

2.2.24 Longevity Gene Theory of Aging

2.2.25 Section Summary: Theories of Aging

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Loss of Homeostatic Reserve--Hyperthermia

2.3.3 Loss of Homeostatic Reserve--Hypothermia

2.3.4 Vulnerability of Older Adults to Hypothermia

2.3.5 Clinical Importance of Vulnerability to Hypothermia

2.3.6 Loss of Homeostatic Reserve--Other Examples and Clinical Implications

2.3.7 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in Organ Systems

2.3.8 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Renal System

2.3.9 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in Renal System

2.3.10 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Cardiovascular System

2.3.11 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Cardiovascular System

2.3.12 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Pulmonary System

2.3.13 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Pulmonary System

2.3.14 Age-Related Changes in the Neurologic System

2.3.15 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Neurologic System (I)

2.3.16 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Neurologic System (II)

2.3.17 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System

2.3.18 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System (I)

2.3.19 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System (II)

2.3.20 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Immune System

2.3.21 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Immune System

2.3.22 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System (I)

2.3.23 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System (II)

2.3.24 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System

2.3.25 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System

2.3.26 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System (I)

2.3.27 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System (II)

2.3.28 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System (I)

2.3.29 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System (II)

2.3.30 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System

2.3.31 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Sensory Systems

2.3.32 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Sensory Systems (I)

2.3.33 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Sensory Systems (II)

2.3.34 Clinically Important Age-Related Changes in the Integument

2.3.35 Clinical Significance of Age-Related Changes in the Integument

2.4.1 Drug Absorption

2.4.2 Gastrointestinal Motility

2.4.3 Drug Administration as a Factor in Absorption: Oral

2.4.4 Drug Administration as a Factor in Absorption: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous

2.4.5 Transdermal and Topical Administration of Medications

2.4.6 Fentanyl Transdermal Patch: An Example

2.4.7 Other Modalities of Drug Administration

2.4.8 Clinical Tips Related to Absorption

2.4.9 Distribution of Drugs throughout the Body

2.4.10 Drug Metabolism

2.4.11 Drug Excretion: Impaired Renal Function

2.4.12 Drugs Which are Eliminated via the Kidneys

2.4.13 Pathways of Drug Clearance

2.4.14 Dosing for Drugs Which are Renally Cleared (I)

2.4.15 Dosing for Drugs Which are Renally Cleared (II)

2.4.16 Profile of the Elder at Risk for Adverse Drug Reactions